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中華民國空軍子弟學校旅美加梭校友會江天—理事6/18 病逝台北榮總. 江理事係台北空小、空軍幼校及空軍官校畢業，居住在空軍總司令部旁正義東村， 本校友會創會理事之一，經常在理監事會議提供寶貴意見 ，並熱心參與校友大會 。 他的過世我們非常不捨 。
7/9 日（下週四）上午 11：20將在二殯「懷親廳」 公祭 。 請各位理監事及校友有空出席送江先生最後一程 。 請於下週四11：00前在懷親廳集合。 秘書長何又新
Monday, July 6, 2015
Saturday, July 4, 2015
1937 年 “八一四” 筧橋空戰親歷見證
The Air Battle above
Jianqiao[i],
China
August 14, 1937
Witnessed by Chang Kwang Ming[ii],
a 102-year-old centenarian and pilot in the 22nd Squadron of the 4th
Pursuit Group of the Chinese Air Force during the War of Resistance
July 2015 on
the 70th anniversary of the Japanese Surrender
Los Angeles, CA
Over 77 years ago, I was a pilot in the
22nd Squadron of the 4th Pursuit Group of the Chinese Air
force. I took part in this renowned
air-to-air battle on August 14, 1937 against the Japanese Air Force.
Over the past 70+ years, I have read many articles on this air battle by people
reporting on or recalling this event. And these accounts vary. Why? I believe the answer is that none of these writers had
personally engaged in that air battle.
Due to the mishandling of documentary data, there are some accounts that
use hearsay, guesswork and
exaggeration. Some may have even
concealed some facts, resulting in gaps in the truth.
The
value of history is its truthfulness. As time passes, I feel, as a centenarian, a
sense of duty to give a firsthand account of the facts through my experience in hopes of providing
a correct historical record.
I.
After the Marco Polo Bridge[iii]
Incident of July 7, 1937
Missions and Activities of
the 4th Pursuit Group
The
Marco Polo Bridge incident near Beijing[iv]
on July 7, 1937, ignited an all-out Chinese War of Resistance against Japan. In mid-July, the 4th
Pursuit Group (PG) of the Chinese Air Force, stationed
at Nanchang[v], Jangxi
Province, received orders to
secretly fly to Zhoujiakou[vi],
Henan Province and to stand ready for further orders. At the time, they had three combat missions:
1. To
bomb the command post of the
Japanese barracks in the Nankai District in the city of Tianjin[vii].
2. To
bomb the six Japanese airplanes at the Bailingmiao Airfield[viii]
in Sueiyuan Province, now a part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous District.
3. To
safeguard the new defense line around Baoding[ix], Hebei Province by
coordinating with the Chinese army to support the ground troops.
We
were on a high alert status, awaiting instructions to attack. The whole nation was in a dynamic, ever-changing
military combat situation. Yet, we had
not received any orders, so we did not carry out the above three potential
attack missions.
After
attending a military conference in Nanjing[x],
then the capital of China, on August 13, 1937, Gao Zhihang[xi],
the Commander of the 4th Pursuit Group, telegrammed our Pursuit Group
at noon. He ordered the whole Group to
immediately fly to Jianqiao Airfield (near Hangzhou[xii] city,
in Zhejiang Province) to await further orders while the commander himself flew
directly from Nanjing to Jianqiao. All
three squadrons under the 4th Pursuit Group, Nos. 21, 22 and 23, followed the order, taking off
in sequence toward the destination.
It
was a stormy afternoon, with heavy rain blurring visibility. Despite the risk, we flew at a very low
altitude. My squadron No. 22 zigzagged
the route in order to stop for refueling at Guangde Airfield[xiii],
Anhui Province. On the way, we spotted
unknown airplanes. Fight Leader Lo Yiqin[xiv]
and I wanted to verify and be ready to fire if they were enemy planes, but held
up because of the poor visibility. In
addition, the unidentified airplanes quickly disappeared into the clouds after
they saw us. And so, we continued on, flying
to Jianqiao.
Before
reaching the airspace above Jianqiao, I saw an inferno from distance and
realized that Jianqiao had been bombed. I followed Flight Leader Lo Yiqin. We broke away from the team and flew eastward
searching for the invading planes. Our effort was to no avail due to the
inclement weather conditions so after reaching as far as the area above the
Qiantang River[xv]
Estuary, we turned back.
Commander Gao,
Squadron No. 21 and Squadron 23 planes landed at Jianqiao before our Squadron No. 22.
They had encountered four
invading Japanese planes bombing the airfield. Flight Leader Lo Yiqin and I were the last two
planes of Squadron No. 22 to land. We
hurried to join the post-battle review session called by Commander Gao with all
of the 4th Pursuit Group members.
In the session, he described how he had shot down one Japanese Air Force
Model 96. We were thrilled and filled with admiration over this exciting
news. Then, he gave us instructions and
the formation to fly for our mission the next day, and ordered us to fill up
our fuel tanks and get our planes ready to fight. The time was around 5:30 p.m.
II. The Air Battle at Dawn August 14, 1937
Because of the bombing at Jianqiao, the Jianqiao
ground crew had evacuated to take shelter. Only a few men had returned.
Therefore, we had to arrange and prepare everything for our upcoming
mission without the usual ground crew support. The rail fueling car from the depot
was bombed in the afternoon, which was what caused the inferno I saw. Without the proper facilities to refuel the
planes, each of us had to make many trips carrying 5-gallon containers of
gasoline on our back to our individual planes.
With little on hand to use as tools, we resorted to using stones to pry
open each container. Then we carefully
assisted each other, two as a group, to cautiously pour the fuel into the
planes’ tanks, all the while getting drenched in the ongoing pouring rain. It was a time-consuming effort and took us
about six hours. By the time all the preparation tasks for the next mission were done, it was about 1:30 a.m. on the early
morning of August 14. None of us pilots
had eaten since noon the day before, August 13. We were hungry and cold, soaked
with rain, and totally exhausted.
We each then
randomly chose the instructor’s dormitory of the Chinese Central Aviation
Academy and changed
into whatever clothing was available in the room and grabbed a bit of rest. (The dormitory building was vacated, and all the
instructors and cadets of the Academy had evacuated to the southwestern part of
China.) Little time had passed when around 3 a.m., we were awakened by the shrill sound
of the air raid siren. We
scrambled and dashed toward our planes.
In
the darkness, we made an emergency take-off. The clouds hovered at around
3,000 feet and visibility was bad. To
avoid colliding with my colleagues’ planes above the airfield, I decided to fly southwards toward the south
bank of the Qiantang River scouting the area south of Hangzhou and Jianqiao, in
anticipation of where the enemy planes were heading in from.
At
dawn, I spotted a tiny, wiggling black line emerging from the southeast horizon.
It was far away but it was gradually getting closer. Then, instantly, this small black line
loomed large. It was a group of
airplanes. I pulled up higher and could identify that they were enemy
planes. I quickly switched to attack
mode.
I
observed that these enemy planes in formation were four large biplane bombers,
with the red sun emblem painted on their wings and fuselages. Immediately I set my sight on the lead plane, aimed directly at its front cockpit
and fired. Success! The plane was hit. It exploded into a ball of fire and
took a nosedive. After this attack, I peeled
away from the scene, turned my plane around and returned for the second attack.
Meanwhile, in the same airspace,
Flight Leader Zheng Shaoyu[xvi]
(Plane No. 2204) also shot down another enemy bomber. Then almost simultaneously, my other 3
colleagues’ planes attacked, hit and destroyed two other enemy planes. Within just about three minutes, a total of
four Japanese bombers were set ablaze and plummeted downward.
Upon review, after the attack,
verifying the enemy’s airplane models, we discovered that the planes that had
been shot down, were large model biplane bombers. They looked to be nonmetal Model 88, which
had fuselages that were fragile and flammable once attacked.
After our engagement with the Japanese
bombers, I flew my plane (no. 2205, a Curtis Hawk III) to get closer to Flight Leader Zheng
Shaoyu’s plane. We then flew in formation toward Jianqiao. After daybreak, I saw a large formation of
Japanese planes in the distant southwest flying toward Jianqiao.
I could see that they were being chased from behind and attacked by our
planes. The
enemy headed northeast, hurriedly
jettisoned bombs in the outskirts of Jianqiao, escaping eastward, disappearing
in the clouds. During this encounter, the Japanese suffered the loss of another two
planes.
Flight Leader
Zheng and I tried to intercept and attack these invaders by flying in a
straight line due east from the northern banks of Qiantang River into Pingshan[xvii]
airspace. However, we detected no enemy
planes when we reached the airspace between the Qiantang estuary and Jinshanwei[xviii]
, so we turned back to
Jianqiao.
After landing,
I learned that Commander Gao had suffered some shrapnel wounds in his left arm,
so he was sent to the Hangzhou Guangji Hospital, and that all my other
colleagues had flown back, landing safe and sound! While looking at each
other, we noticed that some were barefoot, some were wearing pajamas, some were
in their underwear, and others were soaking wet in their flying uniform.
Everyone was pale, blue in the lips, and shivering in the cold! Now, the time was around 6:00 a.m..
This August 14, 1937 aerial battle
marked the beginning of the 4th Pursuit Group’s engagement in
dogfights with the Japanese planes, which then began to occur around the clock.
We supported the ground troops and naval combat units in the areas above
Shanghai[xix],
Nanjing and Hangzhou.
Three weeks after this decisive air
battle, at the Daxiaochang[xx]
Air base at Nanjing, Generalissimo Chiang Kai Shek[xxi]
pointed out, “The Chinese Air Force in the past three weeks routed the Kirasuru[xxii]
Air Force. As a result, their Commander
committed hari-kari/suicide. This
resounding victory was because of the fighting spirit of our Air Force. They gave their all!”
III. Corrections to the Previous
Accounts of August 14, 1937
Over seventy seven years ago, I was
one of the pilots taking part in this “8.14” air battle and the one who first
discovered, engaged, attacked and shot down the enemy plane. In the past many years, I have read many
related articles on this event. There
are so many different accounts, that I am compelled to make some
clarifications.
In one account of the “8.14” air battle, it is recorded
that the Chinese Air
force destroyed six Japan Model 96 bombers with no loss of our planes.
Another account claims the battle shot down two Japanese
Model 96 bombers with zero loss in a 2:0 triumph.
A third account states that the Japanese Air force
suffered a loss of two planes while the Chinese Air Force lost one.
As an eyewitness and participant, I
would like to correct these accounts.
1.
The
first account, while correct that the total number of planes shot down was six,
inaccurately notes that all the planes were Model 96 bombers. Four of the six
were large-scale model biplane bombers, most likely Model 88. Only two were Model 96. The reason for this deviation most likely was
that people on the ground in the vicinity of Jianqiao only saw the two groups
of invading planes in formation which were all Model 96 bombers. It is likely that they also saw the two
planes shot down over the northwest hillsides and the southeast suburb of
Jianqiao which were Model 96 bombers. As a result, people may have assumed that
all the planes shot down were the same model aircraft. Very few people witnessed the battle at dawn
on August 14 and the falling of those 4 slow, lumbering Model 88 biplane
bombers. The recorded history that six
Model 96 planes were shot down that day is erroneous, and needs to be corrected.
2. The second account of two Japanese planes
being shot down could have resulted from people only witnessing the two planes
which were shot down in the air space in the Jianqiao area, not knowing that
the air combat had already broken out earlier above the south bank of the
Qiantang River and that four Japanese biplanes had been shot down there.
3. The third version with the two Japanese
losses to one Chinese loss was the official Japanese account, which concealed
the actual military performance in order to mislead the Japanese people and
Japan’s enemies. The single plane
claimed to be shot down by Japan could be the plane of Liu Shufan[xxiii],
which accidentally crashed on August 13, 1937 killing him. There were no Chinese Air Force plane
casualties on August 14. On that day of battle,
Commander Gao had his left arm injured.
Both he and his plane safely landed at Jianqiao Airfield.
IV. “8.14” – Air Force Day of China
The August 14 battle was the first
ever large-scale air-to-air battle in China.
This 6:0 victory over the invading Japanese forces helped us to record
in history a brilliant first chapter of the Chinese Air Force.
Early in the war, the Japanese Air
Force had absolute superiority over us.
In terms of quantity, the number of its airmen far outnumbered us by
12:1. As for quality, whether of
aircraft capability, military training or caliber of people, the Japanese Air
Force had significant advantage over us.
Yet, our young airmen were undaunted by their disadvantages. These untested young pilots with their valor
and intelligence, on that one day, shot down six attacking bombers. They emerged totally unscathed without any
casualties.
Once the news was public, the whole
country rejoiced over this morale booster.
To commemorate this first air-to-air complete victory August 14 (“8.14”)
was declared Air Force Day in China.
This “8.14” feat reinforced our
conviction that, even as underdogs, we could win the fight by playing to our
strengths, by picking our battles carefully and by concentrating our firing
power. This air battle experience had a
long-lasting impact on our hard-fought eight year War of Resistance, signifying
the national unbroken fighting spirit of all the Chinese people against
Japanese aggression.
The article was translated by Debbie Cheng, 寇蕩平 （臺北空小）
張光明將軍： “空軍魂” 高志航二，三事
Gao Zhihang: The Soul of the Nationalist Chinese Air Force
Commander Gao Zhihang was a hero and a
patriot. Combined with his fury about
the Japanese occupation of his homeland Manchuria[i]
in 1931 and the Japanese invasion of China in 1937, his ardent commitment to his
country and his leadership as a military commander rightfully earned him the
title of “The Soul of the Chinese Air Force.” As demonstrated by the first ever
large-scale aerial battle in China, his leadership of the 4th
Pursuit Group, which scored a resounding victory on August 14, 1937, truly
embodied what came to be known as “Gao Zhihang Spirit.”
In 1936, the 4th Pursuit
Group was initially established in Jianqiao, Zhejiang Province and subsequently
moved to Qingyunpu[ii]
Air Force Base at Nancheng, Jiangxi Province. Under Gao’s planning and
supervision over a 6-month training period, each pilot received vigorous and
continuous training. In addition to
aerial fighting the courses included aerial target shooting, ground target
shooting, on-water floating target shooting and bombing. All of these courses of instruction required a
strict 90% success hit rate in order for the pilots to pass the course.
An example of Gao’s leadership is
represented by the following anecdote.
After an instructional lecture session was over, Commander Gao casually
said, “If any one fails the shooting on water floating target, don’t think
about going to lunch or taking a rest!” The results of that comment? Every one of the Group passed the test. And
the only pilot who failed? Commander Gao
himself. Displaying his determination
and fortitude, Gao stayed on, practicing taking off, shooting and landing
until, at dusk, he finally met his own requirements. In class the next day, he showed the object
of his hit target to all of us. This was
a man who truly set himself as a role model. There was no exception to meeting
his strict training requirements, including and especially himself.
The 4th
Pursuit Group became the main target for the Japanese Air Force. They were shocked by their ignominious defeat
on August 14, 1937. From their internal
intelligence investigations, they were made aware of the rigorous training of
the 4th Group by Commander Gao and knew their main target was to rid
the skies of the 4th Pursuit Group.
The
Marco Polo Bridge incident ignited the outbreak of the War of Resistance
against Japan. The 4th
Pursuit Group received their orders and flew to their station at Zhoujiakou Air
Field, Henan Province, to await their attack orders. Commander Gao conducted a strategy meeting on
how to carry out the attack on the six Japanese planes at Bailingmiao Air Field
in Sueiyuan Province. He then quizzed
Zheng Shaoyu on how to attack. Zheng
recommended, based on military tactic principles that they attack at dawn when
the enemy planes would still be on the ground. Then Commander Gao sternly gave
his instructions to the pilots of the 4th Pursuit Group. Before dawn, at three different altitudes,
they would fly into the airspace above Bailingmiao. He himself would lead a group at the lowest
altitude. No one was permitted to attack
the Japanese planes while they were on the ground. Instead, the 4th Pursuit Group
would only attack the planes after they had took off, one by one. To Gao, this
would be the beginning of our way of letting the Japanese know the prowess of
our Chinese Air Force.
The battle done, and after recovering
in the hospital from his arm injury sustained in the “8.14” battle, Commander
Gao reported for duty in Nanjing. By
that time, the whole 4th Pursuit Group had moved to Hankou, then to
Lanzhou[iii],
Gansu Province, preparing to receive military aid from the Soviet Union. By then, despite our previous victory, our
primary fighting planes had been decimated because of the constant battles and
directed attacks by the Japanese forces while without any replacement. Only a
few airworthy planes were available, making it hard to combat the much superior
Model 96 planes of the Japanese. Commander
Gao refused to take this assessment and prediction of failure. He asked to lead the dog fighting himself.
Commander
Gao needed to reduce the plane weight in order to increase speed and improve
maneuverability. He ordered the bomb rack, the secondary fuel tank and the cowl
taken out. In an October battle over
Nanjing, Commander Gao led a team of five Hawk III fighters, intercepting and
engaging in a fierce dogfight with 12 enemy planes, before successfully chasing
them away. Our team of pilots suffered no casualties. Once again, Commander Gao demonstrated that
in the air the most courageous offense was the best defense.
Yet again, this battle showed
Commander Gao’s valor, intelligence, exemplary flying skills and unwavering
conviction that the underdog can win. He
changed the prevailing notion that the Hawk III with its inferior performance
ability was inadequate against the higher performing Japanese Mode 96. Gao Zhihang became known as the “Soul of the
Chinese Air Force.” His heroism both inspired generations of Chinese fighting
airmen and created a record of epic victories in a grand chapter in the
Nationalist Chinese Air Force history.
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